History

1960’s

1960s

Given how rare Sunflower syndrome is, a group of doctors and researchers in 1962 gathered all available cases they could find. In total they described about 20 who they termed having “self-induced photosensitive epilepsy.” Of these, about half hand waved in sunlight.

1970s

1970s

In 1971, a doctor named Ames included the first photographs Sunflower Syndrome in medical literature. By 1983, she coined the term “Sunflower Syndrome.”

1980s

1980s

Ames observed that patients with this condition were often drawn to sunlight, like how sunflowers turn towards the sun. Dr. Ames challenged the prevailing idea that these seizures were self-induced. Instead, she advocated for the adoption of the name “Sunflower Syndrome” to better represent the nature of the condition.

2000s

2000s

Recent Studies: Since the early 2010’s there has been a recent resurgence in Sunflower literature including increasing number of clinical series, case reports, and clinical trials Reclassification (2022)- Sunflower syndrome was reclassified by the international league against epilepsy as a subgroup of Epilepsy with eyelid myoclonia (EEM). It is now termed “EEM with prominent photic induction

References

Gastaut, H., [Photogenic epilepsy]. Rev Prat, 1951. 1(2): p. 105-9.

2.            Robertson, E.G., Photogenic epilepsy: self-precipitated attacks. Brain, 1954. 77(2): p. 232-51.

3.            Andermann, K., et al., Self-induced epilepsy. A collection of self-induced epilepsy cases compared with some other photoconvulsive cases. Arch Neurol, 1962. 6: p. 49-65.

1.            Gastaut, H., [Photogenic epilepsy]. Rev Prat, 1951. 1(2): p. 105-9.

2.            Robertson, E.G., Photogenic epilepsy: self-precipitated attacks. Brain, 1954. 77(2): p. 232-51.

3.            Andermann, K., et al., Self-induced epilepsy. A collection of self-induced epilepsy cases compared with some other photoconvulsive cases. Arch Neurol, 1962. 6: p. 49-65.

4.            Livingston, S. and I.C. Torres, PHOTIC EPILEPSY: REPORT OF AN UNUSUAL CASE AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. Clin Pediatr (Phila), 1964. 3: p. 304-7.

5.            Ames, F.R., “Self-induction” in photosensitive epilepsy. Brain, 1971. 94(4): p. 781-98.

6.            Ames, F.R. and D. Saffer, The sunflower syndrome. A new look at “self-induced” photosensitive epilepsy. J Neurol Sci, 1983. 59(1): p. 1-11.

7.            Geenen, K.R., S. Patel, and E.A. Thiele, Sunflower syndrome: a poorly understood photosensitive epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol, 2021. 63(3): p. 259-262.

8.            Barnett, J.R., et al., Characterizing Sunflower syndrome: a clinical series. Epileptic Disord, 2020. 22(3): p. 273-280.

9.            Barnett, J.R., et al., Understanding Sunflower syndrome: Results of an online questionnaire. Epilepsy Behav, 2021. 117: p. 107856.

10.         Geenen, K.R., et al., Fenfluramine for seizures associated with Sunflower syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol, 2021. 63(12): p. 1427-1432.

11.         Sourbron, J., et al., Ictal EEG in sunflower syndrome: Provoked or unprovoked seizures? Epilepsy Behav, 2020. 113: p. 107470.

12.         Belcastro, V., et al., Epilepsy in “Sunflower syndrome”: electroclinical features, therapeutic response, and long-term follow-up. Seizure, 2021. 93: p. 8-12.

13.         Baumer, F.M. and B.E. Porter, Clinical and electrographic features of sunflower syndrome. Epilepsy Res, 2018. 142: p. 58-63.

14.         Sourbron, J., et al., A novel GABRG2 variant in Sunflower syndrome: A case report and video EEG monitoring. Epileptic Disord, 2023.

15.         Nascimento, F.A. and E.A. Thiele, Teaching Video NeuroImage: Shedding Light on Sunflower Syndrome. Neurology, 2021. 97(7): p. e749.

16.         Patel, S., et al., Follow-up to low-dose fenfluramine for Sunflower syndrome: A non-randomized controlled trial. Dev Med Child Neurol, 2023. 65(7): p. 961-967.

17.         Akbas, Y., G. Oz Tuncer, and A. Serdaroglu, A rare self-induced reflex epilepsy: sunflower syndrome. Acta Neurol Belg, 2019. 119(4): p. 617-618.

18.         Palha-Fernandes, E., A. Teles, and A. Mendes, Photosensitive Self-Induced Seizures Since Childhood. Acta Med Port, 2021. 34(1): p. 58-60.

19.         Nava, E., et al., Atypical presentation of sunflower epilepsy featuring an EEG pattern of continuous spike waves during slow-wave sleep. Epileptic Disord, 2021. 23(6): p. 927-932.

20.         Specchio, N., et al., International League Against Epilepsy classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in childhood: Position paper by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia, 2022. 63(6): p. 1398-1442.